Subtypes
- Bronchopneumonia
- Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
- Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP)
- Pleuropneumonia
- pneumonia, Aspiration
- pneumonia, Bacterial
- pneumonia, Necrotising
- pneumonia, Pneumocystis
- pneumonia, Ventilator-associated
- pneumonia, Viral
Pathophysiology
- In the lungs, function is dependent on sufficient air entry and gas exchange.
- In pneumonia, the airways and alveoli are inflammed.
- Inflammatory exudate accumulates and occupies the free space, reducing the capacity for air.
- The diffusion distance from
air space to bloodstream is increased, reducing the rate of gas
exchange.
Common symptoms
Causes
Viral
- Rhinoviruses
- Coronaviruses
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Influenza A
- Influenza B
- Parainfluenza viruses
- Adenovirus
- Measles
- Herpes simplex virus
Bacterial
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae (Type B)
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Legionella pneumophila : Legionellosis
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae : Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Francisella tularensis : Tularaemia
- Coxiella burnetii : Q fever
- Chlamydophila psittaci : Psittacosis
Fungi
- Aspergillus species : Aspergillosis
- Blastomyces dermatitidis : Blastomycosis
- Coccidioides immitis : Coccidioidomycosis
- Cryptococcus neoformans : Cryptococcosis
- Histoplasma capsulatum : Histoplasmosis
- Pneumocystis jirovecii : Pneumocystis pneumonia
Chromistal
Animal
Non-infectious
Investigations
- Full blood count
- Chest radiograph
- Sputum culture
- CT chest
Management
- Cephalosporins and carbapenems
- Macrolides
- Metronidazole
- Penicillins
- Penicillins, antipseudomonal
- Penicillins, broad-spectrum
- Quinolones
- Tetracyclines
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