Intratracheal intubation

Therapeutic option for: Airway management

Also known as

• Intubation
• Endotracheal intubation

 

Not to be confused with:

• Tracheostomy

Tracheostomy

Therapeutic option for: Airway management

 

Not to be confused with:

• Intratracheal intubation

Noninvasive ventilation

Therapeutic option for: Artificial respiration

Also known as

• NIV

 

Not to be confused with:

• CPAP
• This is because CPAP does not ventilate, it merely provides continuous pressure.

Artificial respiration

Therapeutic option for: Airway management

Types

• High-frequency ventilation
• Interactive ventilatory support
• Liquid ventilation
• Noninvasive ventilation
• One-lung ventilation
• Positive-pressure respiration
• Ventilator weaning

Positive-Pressure Respiration

Therapeutic option for: Artificial respiration

Forms

• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
• Intermittent Positive-Pressure Breathing
• Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation

Continuous positive airway pressure

Type of: Positive-pressure respiration

Also known as

• CPAP

 

Not to be confused with:

• NIV
• This is because CPAP does not ventilate, it merely provides continuous pressure.

Common cold

Disease class: Respiratory tract infections

Also known as

• Acute coryza 

 

Symptoms

• Catarrh
• Rhinorrhoea
• Malaise
  
• Fatigue
  
• Cough
  
• Fever
• Muscle aches
  

 

Causes

• Over 200 known viral strains 
• Coronaviruses
  
• Rhinoviruses
  

Pneumonia

Disease class: Lung diseases
Disease class: Respiratory tract infections  

 

Subtypes

• Bronchopneumonia
• Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
• Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP)
• Pleuropneumonia
• pneumonia, Aspiration
• pneumonia, Bacterial
• pneumonia, Necrotising
• pneumonia, Pneumocystis
• pneumonia, Ventilator-associated
• pneumonia, Viral

 

Pathophysiology

• In the lungs, function is dependent on sufficient air entry and gas exchange.
• In pneumonia, the airways and alveoli are inflammed.
• Inflammatory exudate accumulates and occupies the free space, reducing the capacity for air.
• The diffusion distance from air space to bloodstream is increased, reducing the rate of gas exchange.
  

 

Common symptoms

• Chest pain
• Cough  
• Dyspnoea
• Haemoptysis  

 

Causes 

Viral

• Rhinoviruses
• Coronaviruses
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
  
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Influenza A 
• Influenza B
• Parainfluenza viruses
• Adenovirus 
• Measles 
• Herpes simplex virus 

 

Bacterial

• Chlamydophila pneumoniae 
• Haemophilus influenzae (Type B)
• Klebsiella pneumoniae 
• Legionella pneumophila : Legionellosis
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae : Mycoplasma pneumonia 
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
• Moraxella catarrhalis 
• Francisella tularensis : Tularaemia
• Coxiella burnetii : Q fever
• Chlamydophila psittaci : Psittacosis

 

Fungi

• Aspergillus species : Aspergillosis
• Blastomyces dermatitidis : Blastomycosis
• Coccidioides immitis : Coccidioidomycosis
• Cryptococcus neoformans : Cryptococcosis
• Histoplasma capsulatum : Histoplasmosis
• Pneumocystis jirovecii : Pneumocystis pneumonia

 

Chromistal

• Plasmodium malariae : Malaria 
• Toxoplasma gondii : Toxoplasmosis 

 

Animal

• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Strongyloides stercoralis  

 

Non-infectious

• Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

 

Investigations

• Full blood count
• Chest radiograph
• Sputum culture
• CT chest 

 

Management

• Cephalosporins and carbapenems
• Macrolides
• Metronidazole
• Penicillins
• Penicillins, antipseudomonal
• Penicillins, broad-spectrum
• Quinolones
• Tetracyclines

 

See also 

• World Health Organisation fact sheet

Airway management

Therapeutics

Categories

• airway, Extubation
• intubation, Intratracheal
• respiration, Artificial
• Tracheostomy

This refers to the evaluation of respiration and the range of techniques and devices which can restore and maintain sufficient pulmonary ventilation.

 

Airway

If a patient cannot maintain patency of their airways, these must be protected by medical therapy.

 

Noninvasive techniques

• Face mask 
• Supraglottic airway device (SAD)

 

CICO

If a patient cannot be mechanically ventilated with a face mask and cannot be intubated, the anaesthesiologist must quickly recognise the situation as: "cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate."   
This is a medical emergency and may necessitate a cricothyrotomy. 

 

Breathing

If the respiratory drive of a patient cannot maintain oxygenation, it becomes necessary to mechanically ventilate the patient by pumping air into their lungs.

 

Indications for mechanical ventilation

• General anaesthesia
• If a patient has a low GCS (<8/15) and shows signs of airway compromise
• Paralysis affecting the respiratory muscles