Order : Fusobacteriales
Family : Fusobacteriaceae
- Fusobacterium necrophorum : Common cause of pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and Lemierre syndrome.
Family : Leptotrichiaceae
- Streptobacillus moniliformis : Rat bite fever. Haverhill fever.
Showing posts with label taxonomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label taxonomy. Show all posts
Wednesday, 6 March 2019
Fusobacteria
Friday, 18 January 2019
[Infectiology] Bacteria
Taxonomy
- Bacteria
They are usually unicellular, although they often form biofilms and work in cooperation, like cells in a multicellular organism.
Most species are usually beneficial or harmless to humans. Many can cause disease in humans (pathogenic).
Classification
Domain : Prokaryota, Bacteria
Kingdom : Bacteria
Phylum : Bacteroidetes (All Gram-negative)
Phylum : Chlamydiae (All Gram-negative)
Phylum : Firmicutes (Most are Gram-positive, some are acid-fast)
Phylum : Fusobacteria (All Gram-negative)
Phylum : Proteobacteria (All Gram-negative)
Phylum : Spirochaetes (All Gram-negative)
See also
Zygomycota
Thursday, 17 January 2019
Bacteroidetes
- Porphyromonas gingivalis : Periodontal disease (gum disease), Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis
Gammaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria. All species in this class are Gram-negative.
Order : Enterobacteriales
Family : Enterobacteriaceae
- Escherichia coli (Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic strains)
- Shiga toxin / Shiga-like toxin : Bacillary dysentry
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Proteus mirabilis
- Urinary tract infections, wound infections
- Salmonella bongori
- Salmonella enterica species
- Shigella dysenteriae
- Shiga toxin : Bacillary dysentry
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pestis
Order : Legionellales
Family : Legionellaceae
- Coxiella burnetii
- Legionella pneumophila
Order : Pasteurellales
Family : Pasteurellaceae
- Haemophilus ducreyi
- Haemophilus influenzae (type b)
- Haemophilus influenzae infection, pneumonia, epiglottitis, acute bacterial meningitis, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis.
Order : Pseudomonadales
Family : Moraxellaceae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Respiratory tract infections in hospitalised patients and patients with chronic lung diseases.
Order : Pseudomonadales
Family : Pseudomonadaceae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Respiratory tract infections in hospitalised patients and patients with chronic lung diseases.
Order : Thiotrichales
Family : Francisellaceae
- Francisella tularensis
Order : Vibrionales
Family : Vibrionaceae
- Vibrio cholerae
- Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved rod
- Cholera toxin : Cholera morbus
Betaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria. All species in this class are Gram-negative.
Pathology
Order : Burkholderiales
Family : Alcaligenaceae
- Bordetella pertussis (Gram-negative, aerobic, encapsulated coccobacillus) : Whooping cough
Family : Burkholderiaceae
- Burkholderia mallei : Glanders
- Burkholderia pseudomallei : Melioidosis
Order : Neisseriales
Family : Neisseriaceae
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gram-negative, aerobic, diplococci) : Gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease
- Neisseria meningitidis (Gram-negative, aerobic, diplococci) : Meningitis
Alphaproteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria. All species in this class are Gram-negative.
Order : Rhizobiales
Family : Bartonellaceae
- Bartonella quintana : Trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis.
- Bartonella species : Endocarditis, myocarditis.
Family : Brucellaceae
- Brucella species, especially Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis : Brucellosis (undulant fever).
Order : Rickettsiales
Family : Rickettsiaceae
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum : Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis : Ehrlichiosis
- Ehrlichia ewingii : Ehrlichiosis
- Ehrlichia canis : Ehrlichiosis
- Orientia tsutsugamushi : Scrub typhus
- Rickettsia prowazekii (Gram-negative, intracellular, bacilli) : Epidemic louse-borne typhus
- Rickettsia typhi (Gram-negative, intracellular, bacilli) : Murine typhus
- Rickettsia australis (Gram-negative, intracellular, bacilli) : Queensland tick typhus
Chlamydiae
- Chlamydia trachomatis : Trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae : Pneumonia
- Chlamydophila psittaci : Psittacosis
Actinobacteria
Order : Actinomycetales
Family : Cellulomonadaceae (Gram-positive)
- Tropheryma whipplei : Whipple disease, endocarditis
Family : Corynebacteriaceae (Gram-positive)
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae : Diphtheria
Family : Mycobacteriaceae (Acid-fast)
- Mycobacterium leprae : Leprosy
- Mycobacterium lepromatosis : Leprosy
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis : Tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium ulcerans infection : Buruli ulcer
Family : Nocardiaceae (Acid-fast)
- Nocardia asteroides : Nocardiosis
- Nocardia brasiliensis : Nocardiosis
Family : Propionibacteriaceae (Gram-positive)
- Cutibacterium acnes : Acne vulgaris
Order : Bifidobacteriales (Gram-positive)
Family : Bifidobacteriaceae (Gram-positive)
- Gardnerella vaginalis : Bacterial vaginosis
Bacilli
Bacilli is a class of bacteria. All species in this class are Gram-positive.
Order : Lactobacillales (Gram-positive)
Family: Enterococcaceae
- Enterococcus species : UTIs,
Family : Streptococcaceae
- Streptococcus anginosus
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus bovis
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae : Community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis
- Streptococcus pyogenes : Impetigo, rheumatic fever
Streptococcus: Group A vs Group B
Group A Streptococcus species
- Streptococcus anginosus
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Bacteraemia
- Erysipelas
- Glomerulonephritis
- Scarlet fever
- Streptococcal pharyngitis
- Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
- Necrotising fasciitis
- Pneumonia
Group B Streptococcus species
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Chorioamnionitis
- Postpartum infections
- GBS urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs may induce labour and cause premature delivery and miscarriage.
- Neonatal septicemia
- Neonatal pneumonia
- Neonatal meningitis
[Infectiology] Prion
Taxonomy
- Prion
Prions are almost universally considered to be non-living.
They are infectious agents, which consist of protein.
They cannot replicate themselves, because they have contain no nucleic acids.
Pathology
A prion is a misfolded protein, which binds to healthy protein and disrupts the arrangement of that protein, converting it into a second prion. .They can interact with specific functional proteins to change their protein folding into a pathological arrangement. This produces new prions. This continues as a chain reaction until all normal protein has been converted into prions. This causes rapid destruction of accessible tissues.
Some prion diseases are genetically inherited. A spontaneous mutation in a gene can produce a gene which encodes a prion protein, and this gene can be passed to offspring.
Fortunately the only known way to become infected by a prion is the ingestion of infected tissues.
Prion diseases
[Infectiology] Archaea
Taxonomy
- Archaea
Archaea is a domain and kingdom of microscopic organisms. Archaea are prokaryotes.
Classification
Domain : Prokaryota, ArchaeaKingdom : Archaea
What are archaea?
Originally it was believed that archaea were a subtype of bacteria, but this was proven to be untrue and the three domain system arose.Most of the known archaea are similar to bacteria in shape and size (morphology). However, some archaea have a morphology, which has never been seen in any known bacteria.
Archaea and bacteria have many differences in ancient systems. For example, all bacteria have a nearly identical set of essential enzymes, which are involved in transcription and translation. All archaea have their own set of equivalent enzymes. The archaeal enzymes are different to the bacterial enzymes. These enzymes are fundemental to life, so they must be very ancient, and any differences between them must have developed long ago.
There are unique technical challenges to detecting archaea. Even today, archaea are relatively difficult to identify. The isolation of DNA from a particular species of archaea would require specific protocols.
Many bacterial diseases have been well described. What are the known archaeal diseases?
Several species of archaea have been proven to live in the human body as commensals and mutualists, for example, methogenic species living in the human intestines. Archaea certainly have the capability to live parasitic lives, like so many bacteria. Several experiments have shown that injections of archaea into organs of model organisms can cause tissue damage and death.However, to date, there is no convincing evidence of a disease caused by archaea. It's possible that some feature of potentially pathogenic archaea makes them incapable of surviving inside the mammalian body. It is more likely because of the difficulty in detecting and identifying them. As technology advances, the relationship between archaeal colonisation and human diseases should become more clear.
Wednesday, 16 January 2019
Tuesday, 15 January 2019
[Infectiology] Protozoa
Taxonomy
- Protozoa
Classification
Domain : Eukaryota
Kingdom : Protozoa
Phylum : Diplomonadida
Phylum : Parabasalidea
Phylum : Sarcomastigophora
[Infectiology] Fungi
Taxonomy
- Fungi
Classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum : Ascomycota
Phylum : Basidiomycota
Phylum : Microsporidia
Phylum : Zygomycota
Characteristics
- Singular: fungus. Plural: fungi.
- Eukaryotic
- Have chitin in their cell walls.
- Cannot photosynthesise (autotrophism).
- They are heterotrophic (like animalia), often secreting digestive enzymes.
- Most species grow as hyphae (thread-like structures) and form a network of hyphae called a mycelium.
- Some species are microscopic and some are macroscopic.
Pathology
- Mycosis = fungal infection
- Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) = tinea = fungal skin infection
- Onychomycosis = tinea unguium = fungal nail infection
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