Velopharyngeal insufficiency

Disease class: Pharyngeal diseases

Sinusitis

Disease class: Paranasal sinus diseases

Disease class: Respiratory tract infections

Subtypes

• Ethmoid sinusitis
• Frontal sinusitis
• Maxillary sinusitis
• Sphenoid sinusitis

Susac syndrome

Disease class: Cerebrovascular disorders

Disease class: Ear diseases
Disease class: Neurologic manifestations
Disease class: Retinal artery occlusion
Disease class: Vision disorders

 

[Otorhinolaryngology] Introduction

This field is often called ENT: ear / nose / throat surgery.
Otorhinolaryngologists specialise in diseases of the ears, nose, and throat.
There is significant overlap with the field of neurology.

 

Etymology

Ancient Greek ὠτ- (ōt-) = ear
Ancient Greek ῥινός (rhinós) = nose
Ancient Greek λάρυγξ (lárunx)  = throat

Ancient Greek λογία (logia) = study

 

Subspecialties

• Otology
• Rhinology and Sinus Surgery
• Laryngology and Voice Disorders  
• Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology*
• Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery*  
• Sleep Medicine*
• Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery 

 

History taking

 

Physical examination

• Ear examination and otoscopy
• Nasal examination 
• Throat examination
• Neck lump examination

 

Procedures:

• Tonsillectomy
• Myringotomy and tympanostomy
• Mastoidectomy
• Cochlear implant

 

Otorhinolaryngologic diseases

 

Diseases:

• Presbycusis
• Chronic otitis media
• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
• Vestibular neuritis (labyrinthitis)
• Idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops (Ménière's disease)
• Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
• Vocal fold cyst 
• Vocal fold nodule
• Deviated nasal septum
• Sleep apnea
• Epistaxis 
• Laryngomalacia
• Laryngotracheal stenosis 
• Laryngeal papillomatosis
• Cholesteatoma
• Cleft lip and cleft palate
• Vestibular schwannoma
• Mastoiditis

Dysgeusia

Disease class: Taste disorders

Also known as

• Parageusia

Definition: A perception of taste which is inappropriate to the stimuli. There is often a perceived unpleasant taste.

 

Causes

• Pregnancy
• Iatrogenic
• Drugs
• Infection
• Trauma
• To tongue
• To nerves
• Malignancy
• Epilepsy
• Ear pathologies

Physiology of taste

Dizziness

Disease class: Sensation disorders

Alport syndrome

Signs
Deafness (may have hearing aid)

Tracheal stenosis

Disease class: Tracheal diseases

Definition: narrowing of the trachea

Tracheitis

Disease class: Tracheal diseases

Tracheobronchomegaly

Disease class: Bronchial diseases
Disease class: Tracheal diseases

Definition: enlargement of the trachea and bronchi

Tracheobronchomalacia

Disease class: Bronchial diseases
Disease class: Tracheal diseases

This refers to softening and collapse of the walls of the trachea and bronchi. 

There is a reduced rate of airflow through affected vessels.

Vocal cord dysfunction

Disease class: Respiration disorders

Hoarseness

Disease class: Respiration disorders

Obstructive sleep apnoea

Disease class: Sleep apnoea syndromes
Surgical specialty: Otorhinolaryngology

Central sleep apnoea

Disease class: Sleep apnoea syndromes
Medical specialty: Neurology
Surgical specialty: Neurosurgery

Sleep apnoea syndromes

Disease class: Apnoea

Disease class: sleep disorders, Intrinsic

Subtypes

• sleep apnoea, Central
• sleep apnoea, Obstructive

Ageusia

Disease class: Taste disorders

Definition: A complete loss or reduction of taste sensation

 

Causes

• Infections
• Trauma (chemical)
• Iatrogenic
• Glossectomy
• Epilepsy

 

Management

• When ageusia follows total glossectomy, patients can be reassured that, with time, the taste buds on the epiglottis will compensate and provide significant taste sensation.

 

See also

• Physiology of taste

Supraglottitis

Disease class: Laryngeal diseases

Subtypes

• Epiglottitis

Earache

Disease class: Ear diseases

Meniere Disease

Disease class: Endolymphatic hydrops