Periarthritis

Disease class: Arthritis
Disease class: Bursitis

Joint loose bodies

Disease class: Joint diseases

Haemarthrosis

Disease class: Joint diseases

Definition

This is the term for bleeding into a joint.

Bursitis

Disease class: Joint diseases

Subtypes

• Periarthritis

Leg length inequality

Disease class:  bone diseases, Developmental

Also known as

• LLI 
• Unequal leg length
• Leg length discrepancy
• LLD

 

Signs

• Abnormal gait
• Obvious assymetry of legs or pelvic tilting due to length inequality
• Measurement of apparent leg length reveals a significant difference between legs
• Measurement of true leg length reveals a significant difference between legs

 

Causes

• Congenital
• Often iatrogenic (e.g. after replacement arthroplasty)

 

Investigations

• X-ray: measurement of bone lengths

Slipped epiphyses

Disease class: Bone diseases

Types

• Slipped capital femoral epiphyses

This refers to displacement of the epiphysis (the outermost end) of an affected bone from the metaphysis (the growth plate). 

Slipped capital femoral epiphyses

Disease class: Osteochondrodysplasias
Disease class: Slipped epiphyses

Medial tibial stress syndrome

Disease class: Muscular diseases [Musculoskeletal diseases]

Disease class: Muscular diseases [Nervous system diseases]

Also known as

• MTSS
• Shin splints

Hoarseness

Disease class: Respiration disorders

Contrecoup injury

Disease class: Wounds and Injuries

Fracture dislocation

Disease class: Bone fractures

Types

• Colles fractures 
• Monteggia fractures 
• Salter-Harris fractures

Salter-Harris fractures

Disease class: Fracture dislocation

Spinal cord injuries

Disease class: Spinal cord diseases

Disease class: Wounds and Injuries

Subtypes

• Autonomic dysreflexia
• Central cord syndrome
• Spinal cord compression 

Cranial epidural haematoma

Disease class: intracranial haemorrhage, Traumatic

Also known as

• Epidural Hemorrhage, Cranial 
• Extradural Hematoma, Cranial

Bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the skull. Often results from acceleration-deceleration trauma or a blow to the side of the head. The majority of epidural haematomas occur in the temporal region where skull fractures cause a rupture of the middle meningeal artery.

Features

• features of raised intracranial pressure
• some patients may exhibit a lucid interval

Oesophageal perforation

Disease class: Oesophageal diseases

Types

• Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Flail chest

Thoracic injuries

 

Road traffic injuries

 

See also 

• World Health Organisation fact sheet

commotio cordis

This disease is named in Latin: 'agitation of the heart'.
This is a cardiac arrhythmia.

 

Causes

• Blunt force trauma to the chest

Osteonecrosis

Disease class: Bone diseases

Also known as 

• Avascular necrosis 
• AVN

 

Pathophysiology

• Disruption of the normal vascular supply to bones can cause ischaemia and necrosis.

 

Causes

• Trauma (particularly bone fracture)
• Cancer
• Lupus
• Sickle cell disease
• HIV infection
• Gaucher’s disease
• Decompression sickness
• Heavy metal poisoning (e.g. lead and cadmium)
• Adverse drug reactions (e.g. corticosteroids, bevacizumab)

Types

• Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (associated with bisphosphonate treatment)
• Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
• Avascular necrosis of the knee
• Avascular necrosis of the ankle
• Avascular necrosis of the humeral head
• Avascular necrosis of the shoulder
• Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid
• Preiser's Disease: Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid without fracture
• Avascular necrosis of the spine 

Management 

• Arthroplasty
• Arthrodesis
• Revascularisation procedures (emerging field)

Crush syndrome