Panniculitis

Disease class: Skin diseases

Hypospadias

Disease class: Penile diseases

Definition

• This refers to the development of the urethral opening at an abnormal location along the male genitalia.

 

Epidemiology

• Occurs in one in 250 males.

Fasciitis

Disease class: Musculoskeletal diseases

Types 

• fasciitis, Necrotising
• fasciitis, Plantar

Cysts

Disease class: Neoplasms

 

Hamartoma

Disease class: Neoplasms

[Plastic surgery] Introduction

Also known as plastics.
Plastic surgeons specialise in diseases of the integumentary system.
There is significant overlap with dermatology, maxillofacial surgery and otorhinolaryngology.

 

Etymology

Ancient Greek πλαστικός (plastikós) = shapable, mouldable

 

Subspecialties

• Paediatric Plastic Surgery
• Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 
• Breast Reconstruction Surgery 
• Hand and Wrist Surgery 
• Head and Neck Cancer, and General Reconstructive Surgery 

 

Common problems:

• Area damaged by the removal of cancerous tissue, (e.g. from the face or breast) 
• Severe burn
• Traumatic skin injury
• Congenital defect 
• Severe ulceration 

 

Skin and connective tissue diseases

 

 

Diseases:

• Breast cancer
• Melanoma skin cancer
• Squamous cell carcinoma 
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Cleft lip and palate 
• De Quervain syndrome
• Syndactyly (webbed fingers)
• Congenital naevi (melanocytic and vascular naevi)
• Haemangioma
• Deviated Septum
• Craniosynostosis 
• Necrotising fasciitis

Ainhum

Disease class: Bone resorption

Also known as

• Dactylolysis spontanea
  

This is a disease characterised by spontaneous auto-amputation of the fifth digit of the foot bilaterally. The process begins with the appearance of a groove, on the plantar, medial aspect of the proximal fifth digit. This groove progressively deepens and surrounds the digit until complete amputation occurs.

 

Etymology

• From the Yoruba word ayùn, (to saw, to file).

 

Aetiology

• Unknown.
• Vascular abnormalities may predispose to insufficient circulation, and an increased risk of ainhum.
• Absence of the plantar arch is associated with an increased risk of ainhum
• Walking barefoot is associated with an increased risk of ainhum.

 

Epidemiology

• Predominately seen in African populations. Historically described along the Gold Coast (Gulf of Guinea).

 

Pathophysiology

Grade	Pathological progress
I	groove
II	floor of the groove is ulcerated
III	bone involvement
IV	autoamputation has occurred

 

Management

Grade I-II lesions

• Injection of corticosteroids.
• Excision of the groove, followed by z-plasty can reduce pain and probability of amputation.

Grade III lesions

• Disarticulation of the metatarsophalangeal joint.

Ambiguous genitalia

Disease class: Disorders of sex development

Immersion foot

Disease class: Foot diseases [Skin diseases]

Subtypes

• Trench foot

Self mutilation

Disease class: Wounds and Injuries

Proteus syndrome

Disease class:  bone diseases, Developmental

Dupuytren contracture

Disease class: Connective tissue diseases
Disease class: Contracture

Also known as

Viking's disease

Signs and symptoms

Lateral digits (little finger and ring finger) are stuck in flexion. 

Pathophysiology

The movements of the affected tendons are restricted by thickening of the fibrous tissue. 

Risk factors

Associated with alcoholic liver disease. 

Genomics

More common in population descended from Viking settlers due to the founder effect. 

Management

Surgical release of tendons

Cellulitis

Disease class: Connective tissue diseases
Disease class: Suppuration  

 

Skin avulsion injuries

Disease class: Soft tissue injuries

Also known as

Degloving injuries 

 

Types

• Ring avulsion

Blepharophimosis

Disease class: Eyelid diseases

Trichiasis

Disease class: Eyelid diseases

This refers to incorrectly positioned eyelashes.
If they touch the cornea, it will eventually become irritated.
The corneal inflammation causes ulceration, scarring, increased opacity, and eventual blindness.

 

Causes

• Trachoma
• Entropion
• Burns 
• Congenital deformity

Entropion

Disease class: Eyelid diseases

This refers to an inward turning eyelid.
If the eyelashes are incorrectly positioned (trichiasis), the cornea becomes irritated.

The corneal inflammation causes ulceration, scarring, increased opacity, and eventual blindness.

 

Causes

• Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis)
• Burns
• Congenital deformity

 

Management

• Entropion can be corrected by bilamellar tarsal rotation with blepheroplasty. 

 

See also

• Ectropion

Blepharitis

Disease class: Eyelid diseases

This refers to inflammation of the eyelid. 

This may be related to one or more eyelash follicles. 

Causes

• Infection
• Trauma
• Neoplasm
• Autoimmune disease

Management

• Topical antibiotic cream
• Topical corticosteroid cream
• Surgical drainage

Blepharoptosis

Disease class: Eyelid diseases

Also known as

• Ptosis
• Drooping eyelid 

This is caused by dysfunction of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or the nervous signal to the muscle.

Stomatitis

Disease class: Mouth diseases

This refers to inflammation of the mouth, particularly the lips. 

See also

• Cheilitis