Periarthritis

Disease class: Arthritis
Disease class: Bursitis

Sacroiliitis

Disease class: Arthritis

Discitis

Disease class: Spondylitis

Periostitis

Disease class: bone diseases, Infectious

Osteochondritis

Disease class: Bone diseases

Disease class: Cartilage diseases

Subtype

• Osteochondritis dissecans

[Orthopaedic surgery] Introduction

Orthopaedic surgeons specialise in diseases of the bone, tendons, muscles, and joints.

 

Etymology

Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós) = straight, right, proper.
Ancient Greek παιδεία (paideía) = upbringing, training
Ancient Greek παιδίον (paidion) = child
Via French "orthopédie" in the publication "Orthopaedics: The art of straightening the deformities of children."

 

History taking 

 

Physical examination

 

Procedures

 

Connective tissue diseases

Musculoskeletal diseases

 

Diseases:

• Traumatic bone fracture 
• Femoral neck fractures
• Salter-Harris fractures
• Nonunion
• Traumatic muscle / tendon tear (strain)
• Rotator cuff tear 
• Traumatic ligament tear (sprain)
• Osteoarthritis
• Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (Frozen shoulder) 
• Medial epicondylitis (Golfer's elbow)
• Lateral epicondylitis (Tennis elbow)
• Impingement syndrome
• Iliotibial band syndrome
• Patellar tendinitis
• Osgood–Schlatter disease
• Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease
• Sever's disease
• Avascular necrosis
• Compartment syndrome 
• Spinal stenosis 
• Osteosarcoma 
• Chondrosarcoma 

Osteitis

Disease class: Bone diseases

 

Crystal arthropathies

Disease class: Joint diseases

Types 

• Chondrocalcinosis
• Rotator cuff tear arthropathy
• Gout
• Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (pseudogout) 
• Hydroxyapatite deposition disease  
• Oxalate arthropathy 

This is a cause of inflammatory arthritis.

Nail-Patella syndrome

Disease class: Joint diseases

Hallux rigidus

Disease class: Joint diseases

Hallux limitus

Disease class: Joint diseases

Femoroacetabular impingement

Disease class: Joint diseases

Acquired joint deformities

Disease class: Joint diseases

Synovial chondromatosis

Disease class: Joint diseases

Neurogenic arthropathy

Disease class: Joint diseases

Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Disease class: Joint diseases

Ainhum

Disease class: Bone resorption

Also known as

• Dactylolysis spontanea
  

This is a disease characterised by spontaneous auto-amputation of the fifth digit of the foot bilaterally. The process begins with the appearance of a groove, on the plantar, medial aspect of the proximal fifth digit. This groove progressively deepens and surrounds the digit until complete amputation occurs.

 

Etymology

• From the Yoruba word ayùn, (to saw, to file).

 

Aetiology

• Unknown.
• Vascular abnormalities may predispose to insufficient circulation, and an increased risk of ainhum.
• Absence of the plantar arch is associated with an increased risk of ainhum
• Walking barefoot is associated with an increased risk of ainhum.

 

Epidemiology

• Predominately seen in African populations. Historically described along the Gold Coast (Gulf of Guinea).

 

Pathophysiology

Grade	Pathological progress
I	groove
II	floor of the groove is ulcerated
III	bone involvement
IV	autoamputation has occurred

 

Management

Grade I-II lesions

• Injection of corticosteroids.
• Excision of the groove, followed by z-plasty can reduce pain and probability of amputation.

Grade III lesions

• Disarticulation of the metatarsophalangeal joint.

Acroosteolysis

Disease class: Osteolysis

Subtypes

• Hajdu-Cheney syndrome

Osteolysis

Disease class: Bone resorption

Types

• Acro-osteolysis 
• osteolysis, Essential

Bone resorption

Disease class: Bone diseases

Types

• Ainhum
• Alveolar bone loss
• Osteolysis