Tinea

Disease class: Dermatomycosis

Also known as

• Dermatophytosis
• Ringworm
  

 

Subtypes

• Tinea capitis (of the head)
• Tinea corporis (of the body)
• Tinea cruris (of the leg), jock itch
• Tinea pedis (of the foot), athlete's foot

 

Tinea refers to a fungal infection of the skin.

This is a very common condition.

Causes

~40 species of fungus

• Trichophyton rubrum (most common)
• Various others 

 

Symptoms

• Itch
  

 

Signs

• Rash
• Erythema
• Scaled
• Circular (ring-shaped)
  

Megaloblastic anaemia

Disease class: Macrocytic anaemia

The macrocytic red cells show signs of immaturity. They have failed to mature fully from erythroblasts into erythocytes.

 

Causes

• Folic acid deficiency
• Vitamin B12 deficiency 
• Pernicious anaemia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia

Tension-type headache

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Also known as TTH.
It is the most common primary headache disorder.

 

Primary headache disorders

This is a category of headache disorder.

The headache and associated neurological symptoms are the main problems caused by the disorder. The pain does not serve a useful function.

The most common type of primary headache is tension-type headache.

 

Types

• Tension-type headache
• Migraine disorders
• Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgia
• Other primary headache disorders 

Medication overuse headache

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Also known as MOH.

It is the most common cause of secondary headache.

Essential hypertension

MeSH: Hypertension
ICD-11: Hypertensive diseases 

Essential hypertension refers to hypertension which is not caused by any known diseases (e.g. Glomerulonephritis).
This is one of the most common diseases in elderly patients.

 

Pathophysiology

The underlying mechanism behind this disease is unknown, but it becomes more prevalent with advanced age. It appears to reflect a gradual decline in the body's ability to self-regulate the blood pressure at an appropriate 'setting'.

 

Complications

Acute

• Cerebrovascular accident
• Hypertensive emergency

Chronic

• Hypertensive heart disease
• Hypertensive kidney disease
• Hypertensive retinopathy

Acne vulgaris

Disease class: Acneiform eruptions
Disease class: Sebaceous gland diseases 

Symptoms

• Anxiety or depression due to aesthetic concerns
• Pain (mild)
• Pruritus (mild)
• Discharge from skin lesions
• Desquamation

 

Signs

• Comedones (white heads and blackheads)
• Cysts
• Inflammatory skin lesions 
• Erythema 
• Swelling
• Infectious exudate (pus)
• Scars 
• Predisposition to affect skin of face, upper chest, shoulders, and upper back.

 

Contributing factors

• Overproduction of sebum
• Colonisation of the skin with Cutibacterium acnes
• High levels of circulating androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone)
• Genetics

 

Unrelated factors

• Hygiene 
• Sun exposure

Management

• Topical vitamin A analogues 
• Topical antibiotics (lymecycline, tetracycline) 
• Oral antibiotics
• Oral isotretinoin

HbA1c

Biochemistry homepage  

 

Also known as haemoglobin A1c. 

This is a form of haemoglobin which has been glycolated.
Chronic high levels of glucose in the blood are associated with high levels of HbA1c in the blood.

 

Clinical indications:

• Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus 
• Monitoring of diabetes mellitus : High levels of HbA1c (>48 mmol/mol) are associated with poor glucose control and increased mortality in T2D patients.

 

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Cholesterol (total)

Biochemistry homepage  

 

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Abdominal pain

Diarrhoea

Definition

Diarrhoea or looseness of the bowels is increased frequency, fluidity or volume of bowel movements compared to usual.

Source: Black's Medical Dictionary (42nd ed, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-0419-4)

Chest pain

Faltering weight

Allergic rhinitis

Disease class: Rhinitis

Also known as hay fever. 
This is an atopic disease.

It can progress to sinusitis.

Management

• Oral anti-histamines
• Anti-histamine nasal spray 
• Corticosteroid nasal spray
• Anti-histamine eye drops

Hyperlipidaemia

Management

• Statins

Urticaria

Also known as hives or allergic urticaria.

Caused by a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Associated with atopy.

Causes rapid-onset pruritus (itchiness) and erythema (redness).

Managed with anti-histamines.

Anaemia

Disease class: Haematologic diseases

Definition

Anaemia refers to an insufficient supply of functional erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood.
It is a feature of aplastic anaemia, wherein production of all blood cells is deficient (pancytopenia).

 

Types

• anaemia, Aplastic
• anaemia, Haemolytic
• anaemia, Hypochromic
• anaemia, Macrocytic
• anaemia, Myelophthisic
• anaemia, Neonatal
• anaemia, Refractory
• anaemia, Sideroblastic
• Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure

  

Causes

• Loss of erythrocytes
• Dyfunctional haemoglobin synthesis
• Dysfunctional DNA synthesis
• Insufficient stimulation of erythropoeisis

 

Investigations

• Full blood count 
• Blood film 

Atopic dermatitis

Disease class: Dermatitis

This is an atopic disease.

Atrial fibrillation

This is a cardiac arrhythmia.

Management

• Amiodarone
• Aspirin
• Beta-blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• Clopidogrel
• Digoxin
• Warfarin

Streptococcal pharyngitis