Osteonecrosis

Disease class: Bone diseases

Also known as 

• Avascular necrosis 
• AVN

 

Pathophysiology

• Disruption of the normal vascular supply to bones can cause ischaemia and necrosis.

 

Causes

• Trauma (particularly bone fracture)
• Cancer
• Lupus
• Sickle cell disease
• HIV infection
• Gaucher’s disease
• Decompression sickness
• Heavy metal poisoning (e.g. lead and cadmium)
• Adverse drug reactions (e.g. corticosteroids, bevacizumab)

Types

• Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (associated with bisphosphonate treatment)
• Avascular necrosis of the femoral head
• Avascular necrosis of the knee
• Avascular necrosis of the ankle
• Avascular necrosis of the humeral head
• Avascular necrosis of the shoulder
• Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid
• Preiser's Disease: Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid without fracture
• Avascular necrosis of the spine 

Management 

• Arthroplasty
• Arthrodesis
• Revascularisation procedures (emerging field)

Reye syndrome

Serotonin syndrome

Medication overuse headache

Headache homepage

Also known as MOH.

It is the most common cause of secondary headache.

Secondary headache disorders

This is a category of headache disorder.
A headache can be secondary to various pathologies, both inside the head, and outside the head. The pain is a useful warning sign, heralding a potentially harmful pathology. Correction of the cause would alleviate the pain signals.

The pain is a useful warning sign, heralding a potentially harmful pathology. Correction of the cause would alleviate the pain signals.

The most common type of secondary headache is medication overuse headache.

 

Types

Headache attributed to trauma or injury to the head and/or neck

• Acute headache secondary to traumatic head injury
• Persistent headache secondary to traumatic head injury
• Acute headache secondary to whiplash
• Persistent headache secondary to whiplash
• Acute headache secondary to craniotomy
• Persistent headache secondary to craniotomy

Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder

• Cerebral ischaemic event
• Non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage
• Unruptured vascular malformation

Headache attributed to non-vascular intracranial disorder

• Increased CSF pressure
• Low CSF pressure

Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal

• Use of a substance
• Exposure to a substance
• Medication overuse headache
• Substance withdrawal

Headache attributed to infection

• Intracranial infection
• Systemic infection

Headache attributed to disorder of homoeostasis

• Hypothyroidism

Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of the cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other facial or cervical structure

• Refractive error
• Glaucoma
• Dental caries

Headache attributed to psychiatric disorder

• Somatisation disorder
• Psychotic disorder

Vomiting

Definition

The expulsion of the stomach contents through the mouth. When the effort of vomiting is made, but nothing is brought up, the process is known as retching.

Source: Black's Medical Dictionary (42nd ed, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-0419-4)

Thyroiditis

Disease class: Thyroid diseases

This term describes inflammation of the thyroid gland

 

Types

• Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
• Thyroiditis, Subacute
• Thyroiditis, Suppurative

 

Causes

• Drug-induced
• Radiation-induced

Hyperthyroidism

Disease class: Thyroid diseases

There is excessive production of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

 

Types

• Grave's disease
• Thyrotoxicosis

 

Causes

• Amiodarone

 

Complications

• Thyrotoxicosis

Hypothyroidism

Disease class: Thyroid diseases

There is insufficient production of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland

 

Subtypes

• Congenital hypothyroidism
• Myxoedema 

 

Causes

• Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
• Treatment of hyperthyroidism
• Amiodarone

 

Complications

• Macrocytic anaemia
• Myxedematous psychosis (myxoedema madness) 
• Myxoedema coma

 

Management

• Thyroid hormones

General Post-Operative Complications

Surgery homepage

Surgical operations are strongly associated with many iatrogenic complications.

Examples

• Scarring
• Post-operative pain
• Delirium 
• Post-operative nausea and vomiting
• Post-operative pyrexia
• Post-operative haemorrhage
• Infection
• Sepsis
• Anaphylaxis

Clostridium difficile infection

Also known as Clostridioides difficile infection.

[Anaesthesiology] Malignant hyperthermia

This is a life-threatening condition. 

 

Causes

• Halothane
• Sevoflurane
• Desflurane
• Isoflurane
• Enflurane
• Suxamethonium
• Decamethonium 
• Physical exercise
• Exposure to hot environments  

 

Genetics 

This condition tends to run in families and several genes have been implicated.