Enteritis

Disease class: Gastroenteritis
Disease class: Intestinal diseases

Cholecystitis

Disease class: Gallbladder diseases

Types

• Acalculous cholecystitis
• cholecystitis, Acute

Alcoholic pancreatitis

Disease class: Pancreatitis

 

Leukoplakia

Disease class: Precancerous conditions

Definition

White plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer.

 

Features

• Firmly attached to an underlying mucous membrane. 
• Associated with a significant risk of malignant transformation.
• White or grey coloured.
• Flat.

 

Etymology

• leuko- = white
• -plakia  = plate  

 

Risk factors

• Tobacco smoking  
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• HIV infection / AIDS

[Upper gastrointestinal surgery] Introduction

Upper gastrointestinal surgeons specialise in diseases of the digestive tract, mouth, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and biliary tract.

There is significant overlap with lower gastrointestinal surgery, gastroenterology and oncology.

 

Etymology 

Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastḗr) = belly
Ancient Greek ἔντερον (énteron) = intestine

 

Subspecialties 

• Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery

 

History taking

 

Physical examination

 

Procedures

• Cholecystectomy 
• Oesophagectomy
• Gastroduodenostomy
• Gastrectomy
• Heller myotomy 
• Pyloromyotomy
• Nissen fundoplication

 

Digestive system diseases

 

Common diseases:

• Gallstones 
• Cholecystolithiasis (stones in the gallbladder)
• Choledocholithiasis (stones in the common bile duct)
• Liver cirrhosis
• Pancreatic cancer  
• Oesophageal cancer 
• Stomach cancer    

 

Other diseases:

• Pyloric stenosis 
• Hepatorenal syndrome 

Alcoholic fatty liver

Disease class: Fatty liver

Pneumoperitoneum

Disease class: Peritoneal diseases

 

This refers to the presence of air in the peritoneum.

Chylous ascites

Disease class: Peritoneal diseases

Haemoperitoneum

Disease class: Peritoneal diseases

Visceral prolapse

Disease class: Gastrointestinal diseases

Pancreatic cyst

Disease class: Pancreatic diseases

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Disease class: Oesophageal perforation

 

Oesophageal perforation

Disease class: Oesophageal diseases

Types

• Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Pancreatic fistula

Disease class: Pancreatic diseases

Oesophageal motility disorders

Disease class: Deglutition disorders

Types

• CREST syndrome
• Oesophageal achalasia
• oesophageal spasm, Diffuse
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Peptic ulcer haemorrhage

Disease class: Gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Causes

• Peptic ulcer disease

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Disease class: Gastrointestinal diseases

Types

• Haematemesis 
• Melena 
• Haematochezia 
• Peptic ulcer haemorrhage

Digestive system

Organ system

Components

• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Oesophagus
• Stomach 
• Pancreas 
• Liver 
• Gallbladder
• Biliary tract
• Small intestines
• Caecum
• Large intestines 
• Rectum 
• Anus

 

Digestive system diseases

Acute liver failure

Disease class: Liver failure

Types

• Acute-on-chronic liver failure
• Massive hepatic necrosis

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) = acute liver failure with encephalopathy developing within 8 weeks of onset.

Hepatic insufficiency

Disease class:  Liver diseases

Pathophysiology

Hepatic insufficiency refers to a state of insufficient metabolic activity in the liver.
Liver function tests will be below the normal range.

 

Types

• Liver failure